Lahore’s alarming smog levels: causes, health impact, and preventive measures

In recent reports, Lahore has recorded an Air Quality Index (AQI) exceeding 400, ranking it alongside cities like Delhi and Karachi as one of the world’s most polluted cities in terms of smog.

This deteriorating air quality poses serious health risks to residents and calls for urgent preventive measures and public awareness.

Smog, a term first described in 1905 by Dr Henry Antoine, combines two words: fog and smoke. Fog is caused by the evaporation of water from the ground, while smoke is primarily produced by burning carbon-based materials.

--Types of smog--

There are two types of smog: Sulphur Smog, which results from sulfur dioxide emissions, and Photochemical Smog, caused by the interaction between sunlight and pollutants like nitrogen oxides.

--Symptoms of smog exposure--

Exposure to smog can lead to a range of health symptoms, including reduced visibility, irritation in the eyes, nose, and throat, and redness in the conjunctiva.

More severe effects involve respiratory and cardiovascular issues like asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and allergic rhinitis.

Other common symptoms include myalgia (muscle pain), fatigue, and organ-specific complications, which vary depending on the duration and extent of exposure.

--Causes of smog--

Emissions from Transport, Industry, and Agriculture: Vehicle emissions, industrial processes, and agricultural activities contribute heavily to smog formation.

Smoke from Brick Kilns and Crop Burning: These practices release significant amounts of particulate matter into the air.

Residual and General Waste Burning: Open burning of waste materials adds harmful pollutants to the atmosphere.

Dust from Construction Sites: Construction work generates dust particles that linger in the air.

Overpopulation: A growing population leads to increased emissions from vehicles, industries, and other sources.

--How to control smog---

A. Consultation with health experts:

In cases of health complications, it is essential to seek timely medical advice from qualified professionals.

B. Preventive measures:

Control Air Quality Index (AQI) Strictly: The government should work towards maintaining the AQI below 50 to safeguard public health.

Awareness Programs: Promote public awareness through media campaigns and educational lectures.

Use of Face Masks: Wear face masks to minimize inhalation of harmful pollutants.

Stay Indoors: Spend more time at home, especially during high-smog periods.

School Safety Protocols: Implement strict Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) in schools to protect students.

Regulations on Emission-Intensive Activities: Ban or restrict transport, agricultural practices, and industries that significantly contribute to smog formation.

Hydration and Hygiene: Maintain good hydration and pay attention to ear, nose, and throat (ENT) care.

 --Medical treatment--

 For eye irritation and other related symptoms, the following eye drops are recommended:

TOBRA-D Eye Drops: 2-3 drops thrice daily.

OPTICARES Eye Drops: 2-3 drops thrice daily.

PREDNICOL Eye Drops: 2-3 drops thrice daily.

Additionally, if necessary, oral antibiotics should be prescribed to address underlying infections.

 --About the author--

Dr Farzand Ali Shah is a seasoned chest specialist with the Punjab Health Services Department (PSHD), Government of Punjab. With extensive experience in respiratory health and environmental issues, Dr Farzand has been actively involved in raising awareness and offering practical solutions for controlling smog and its adverse effects on public health. His expertise spans medical research, clinical treatment, and public health advocacy, making him a reliable voice on issues of respiratory health and air quality. His contact number is 0336-4862826.